10.18639/RABM.2019.895463
Toxicology and Pharmacology
Aug 09, 2019
Raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances that have health-benefit potentials. Fibrinogen is produced in the liver cells. Highest concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are found in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, and alanine transaminase (ALT) is a liver enzyme. Overdose of amoxicillin, an antibiotic, can lead to hemolysis, hepatotoxicity, and inflammation. This study was therefore designed to determine the use of raw cucumber (C. sativus) fruit juice as a possible first-aid antidote in druginduced toxicity. Fifteen rabbits of the same gender weighing 0.9-1.4 kg were used for the study. They were divided into three groups of five rabbits each as follows: Group A—five control rabbits; Group B—five rabbits, given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for seven days and was followed by 30 mL raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; Group C— five rabbits, given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. Plasma LDH, ALT, and fibrinogen were determined in the rabbits by spectrophotometry. There was a significant increase in plasma ALT and LDH and a significant decrease in fibrinogen following amoxicillin overdose compared with the results obtained from the basal samples and the control rabbits. These abnormalities were reversed when raw cucumber fruit juice was administered to the experimental rabbits initially overdosed with amoxicillin (p 0.05). There was a significant increase in the plasma value of LDH in the rabbits when they were supplemented with raw cucumber fruit juice following amoxicillin overdose and when the rabbits were coadministered with raw cucumber fruit juice and amoxicillin overdose compared with their basal samples (p 0.05). There was no significant difference in the plasma value of ALT and fibrinogen when the rabbits were coadministered with raw cucumber fruit juice (p 0.05). This study showed an increase in plasma ALT and LDH, and a decrease in fibrinogen following the administration of subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin; however, these abnormalities were reversed when the rabbits were administered 30 mL of raw cucumber fruit juice. Raw cucumber fruit juice could be applied as first-aid antidote in drug induced toxicity.
10.18639/RABM.2019.879443
Diabetes
Aug 03, 2019
Intestinal glucose absorption/inhibition activity by natural bioactive compounds is considered a new strategy for prevention/treatment of uncontrolled hyperglycemia and diabetes as well as chronic human metabolic disorders. This mini review provides scientific evidence of the contribution of natural bioactive nutrients to inhibit glucose absorption in the small bowel. Many studies were realized on intestinal glucose transport in vitro and on postprandial glucose levels in vivo. In this context, the main designated constituents are ()-catechin, ()-epicatechin, ()-epigallocatechin, epicatechingallate, tannic acid, resveratrol, and chlorogenic acid. The therapeutic approaches are to retard the absorption of glucose by inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes such as intestinal glycosidases (α-amylase and α-glycosidase) and the inhibition of intestinal Na+-dependent glucose absorption mediated by reduced expression of glucose transporter (SGLT1). These studies revealed that natural bioactive compounds, as potential candidates, can be designed as natural products for the development of novel functional foods or nutraceuticals to relieve hyperglycemia/diabetes.
10.18639/ RABM.2019.877306
Original Research Article
Jul 31, 2019
Perinatal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), for example, from amniotic membrane, have advantages over adult sources, such as bone marrow, in terms of ease of availability, cell naivety, tissue stem cell abundance, high capacity of proliferation, and less donor site morbidity, because it does not require invasive procedures. Natural polymer scaffolds, such as gelatin and alginate, are biocompatible. Combination of stem cells from amniotic membrane (hAMSCs) and gelatin or alginate as scaffold can be promising. However, cytotoxicity comparison of gelatin and alginate to hAMSCs has not been widely studied. This study was aimed to compare cytotoxicity of gelatin and alginate on hAMSCs in vitro. Isolation and culture were performed on hAMSCs of the healthy full-term pregnancy. In passage 4, Flow Cytometry CD90, CD105, and CD73 phenotype characterization was done. Colorimetric assay of 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was performed to measure the cytotoxicity. There were three sample groups: (control group) hAMSCs with alpha-minimum essential medium (α-MEM) solution as control; (gelatin group) hAMSCs with gelatin; (alginate group) hAMSCs with alginate. Each group consisted of 12 samples. Flow cytometry of hAMSCs expressed 28.78% CD90, 36.95% CD105, and 44.41% CD73 surface markers. No sample depicted toxicity in either gelatin or alginate group, and this is indicated by the average percentage of living cells in gelatin 97.26% and in alginate 98.43%. No statistically significant difference (p0.057) of cytotoxicity was found between gelatin and alginate to hAMSCs. Gelatin and alginate were nontoxic to hAMSCs in vitro.
10.18639/RABM.2019.871388
Original Research Article
Jun 25, 2019
India is the epicenter of tropical fever diseases. Large numbers of cases are diagnosed with scrub typhus, leptospirosis, malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and enteric fever. Coinfections as an etiology of acute undifferentiated fever (AUF) have been recently recognized. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of coinfections in patients admitted with AUF in a tertiary-care hospital in the rural setting of Himachal Pradesh, India. Patients with coinfections as an etiology of AUF were the subjects of the study. The clinical records of patients diagnosed with confections between July 2018 and October 2018 were analyzed retrospectively in this hospital-based cross-sectional study. Standard protocol and guidelines were followed for the case definitions. Among total patients of 1005 with AUF, 14 (1.39%) patients were found to have coinfections. The most common coinfection was scrub typhus with leptospirosis and was diagnosed in seven (50%) patients. Other coinfections were scrub typhus with dengue in four (29%) and one patient each with scrub typhus and tubercular meningitis, scrub and influenza A (H1N1/2009) infection, and scrub and malaria (P. falciparum). Scrub typhus was the most common etiological diagnosis for the AUF and was observed in 159 (15.8%) patients. All the patients with coinfections had scrub typhus as the common infection. The prevalence of coinfections among scrub typhus patients constituted 8%. In tropical regions, coinfections are not very rare. High clinical suspicion for coinfections is required. Syndromic approach in the management is justified.
10.18639/RABM.2019.869429
Tuberculosis
Jun 23, 2019
Tuberculosis (TB) is a well-known disease state caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease accounts for about 1.5 million deaths worldwide and is transmitted from person to person by the inhalation of respiratory droplets. The progression of tuberculosis from the latent phase to its active form has been reported to be associated with reduced immunity and occurs in about 10% of tuberculosis-infected population. Trace elements play a vital role in the maintenance of the immune system in humans, and therefore their concentration in the serum is important in the management of TB patients. The primary objective of this study was therefore to assess the serum concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in tuberculosis patients and compare the results obtained against apparently healthy subjects as well as to compare the concentrations of trace element levels in TB patients already on antituberculosis drugs against those not yet exposed to antituberculosis drugs. A total of 62 TB patients were selected, and their blood samples were collected while controls were taken from 20 apparently healthy individuals. The results obtained showed that the serum concentration of the trace elements Zn and Cu was significantly lower and higher for Mn (1.58±1.09 mg/l, 1.17±0.16 mg/l and 0.78±0.11 mg/l, respectively) in the control than in tuberculosis patients (2.59±1.79 mg/l, 1.64±0.47 mg/l, and 0.25±0.35 mg/l). However, those on drugs had higher Zn and Cu levels than those not on drugs. It was therefore concluded and recommended that further studies should be carried out to ascertain the mechanism of action of antituberculosis drugs and their specific effects on serum trace elements of immunological significance, to improve the care for tuberculosis patients.
10.18639/RABM.2019.874345
Microbiology and Immunology
Jun 20, 2019
Overuse and misuse of different antibiotics are considered as one of the main causes of antibiotics accumulation in the environment, most commonly used antibiotics are semimetabolized and excreted by humans to the environment. Studies reported that antibiotic usage exceeds 100,000 tons per year, and this amount may be shocking. However, in fact, the persistence of antibiotic compounds may be more dangerous than the used amount, so it is necessary to develop new methods for elimination of these new pollutants from the environment, especially from water. In this paper, we highlight new and more efficient methods used for removing antibiotic residues (AR) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The new techniques are Fe3O4/red mud nanoparticles, 3D hierarchical porous-structured biochar aerogels, calcined layered double hydroxides, co-doped UiO-66 nanoparticles, Cu@TiO2 hybrids, bioelectrochemical systems, and aerobic granulation process. Most of these methods showed good performance in removing AR and ARGs that ranged from 85% to 95%. These percentages are consider very efficient compared with traditional wastewater treatment methods.
10.18639/RABM.2019.869903
Original Research Article
Jun 05, 2019
A fast and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the immediate identification of flavonoids (gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, ascorbic acid, and kaempferol) in the leaves extract of Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata). The R. apiculata has lots of valuable medicinal properties including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, vascular antitumor activity, and enzyme inhibition; however, the activity of antioxidant is perhaps the greatest studied property attributed to flavonoids. Magnetic stirrer was used for the pretreatment process of sample with methanol by using a temperature of 50°C for 40 min, followed by separation on column size 250 mm 4.6 mm (5 μm) Hypersil Gold C18 (Thermo Electron Corporation) with water–methanol–acetonitrile (45:40:15 v/v/v) containing acetic acid 1.0% as a mobile phase. Moreover, 254-nm wavelength was used to detect the extract. The standard retention times (Rt) of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be 2.610, 2.875, 3.150, 5.789, and 8.983, respectively. The existence of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin in Mangrove leaves extract was found matching according to the standard retention time. In Mangrove leaves, gallic acid was found to have the retention time at 2.538, rutin at 2.873, quercetin at 5.796, and kaempferol at 8.976. However, the ascorbic acid was not identified. The amount of rutin, gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol was calculated by using the assay formula. In Mangrove leaves, the amount of gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol is 3.024, 5.485, 5.144, and 8.361%, respectively.
10.18639/RABM.2019.869984
Agriculture and Allied Sciences
May 23, 2019
The contamination of soil by anthropogenic activities is of great concern in recent times. There is an urgent demand of reliable and eco-friendly approaches for remediation of this concern. The current techniques for heavy metal remediation from contaminated soil are costly, time consuming, and harmful for the environment. Toxicity of heavy metals can reduce plant growth, and a high level of presence of these heavy metals is a risk factor to human and plant health. Heavy metals neither biodegradable materials nor are created. They occur naturally in the earth crust, and they reach the environment by human activities. Organic compounds can be degraded, but metals cannot degrade, and therefore effective cleanup requires its immobilization to reduce or remove toxicity. Recently, research focuses on cost-effective technologies to clean polluted areas. Vermiremediation and phytoremediation are two such useful techniques. In these eco-friendly techniques of remediation, the target plants accumulate, volatilize the contaminants, or convert them into some nontoxic forms, thus remediating the soil.
10.18639/RABM.2019.858317
Original Research Article
Apr 03, 2019
The use of air conditioners (ACs) in homes has become a necessity in urban cities such as Lagos State. The rapid growth in the use of AC has been attributed majorly to protection from high thermal exposures. However, there have been controversies regarding physiological discomforts attributed to AC use. This study therefore seeks to elucidate the associations between AC use and some selected physical ailments using random samples from Lagos State. A structured questionnaire was administered to 200 randomly selected participants. The responses were scored, and the data were analyzed accordingly. The study showed that AC devices were mostly used in sitting room bedroom offices vehicles. The frequency of cold, fever, headache, and chest pain significantly (p 0.01) associate with the use of AC in both sitting room and bedroom. The prevalence of the associated ailments increased with increase in the AC contact duration (6 h) among AC users evaluated in the study. Most of the participants (70%) agreed that AC use brings thermal comfort and therefore is good to health. However, prolonged exposure in indoor AC environments increased the risk of physiological discomfort for the AC users in this study. The authors therefore suggest health workers to create awareness to educate AC users of the likely dangers with prolonged exposure.
10.18639/RABM.2019.770620
Original Research Article
Feb 20, 2019
Long-term/chronic insomnia occurs in patients for over one month; it can affect the functions of the immune system and responses, which may involve cytokines. The aim was to determine alterations of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-10 cytokines in long-term insomnia. Thirty-three long-term/chronic insomnia patients (male, 22; female, 11) aged 47-61 years were initially recruited. Seven of them who were infected with microbial agents were excluded from the study. Of the 26 free of infectious agents only 21 (female, 5; male, 16) were successfully monitored. Age-matched apparently healthy non-insomnia subjects (male, 25; female, 25) free of the infectious agents were recruited as control. Plasma TNF-alpha, IL-10, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and HIVp24 antigen were assayed by ELISA method while determination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was by Ziehl–Neelsen staining of sputum and Plasmodium spp. by thick blood Giemsa staining. Of the 33 insomnia patients initially recruited, 21.2% (7) were infected with microbial agents (Plasmodium spp., 6.1% (2); HCV, 3.0% (1); HBV, 6.1% (2); Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 3.0% (1); Plasmodium spp. + HBV, 3.0% (1); and HIVp24, 0). Twenty-one chronic insomnia patients were finally investigated on cytokines. There were significantly higher mean plasma values of TNF-alpha and IL-10 cytokines in chronic insomnia patients before treatment than the values obtained in the control subjects (p 0.05). The results also showed a significantly lower mean plasma value of TNF-alpha cytokine in chronic insomnia patients after treatment than the values obtained in the patients before treatment. There were no significant differences in the mean plasma values of IL-10 cytokines in chronic insomnia patients before and after treatment (p 0.05). There was a significant increase in plasma TNF-alpha and IL-10 cytokines in long-term insomnia patients before treatment while plasma TNF-alpha significantly decreased after treatment, and no significant difference was obtained in the plasma IL-10 before and after treatment. TNF-alpha could be a good investigative index of insomnia.
10.18639/RABM.2019.743583
Microbiology and Immunology
Feb 19, 2019
Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus can induce release of free radicals and oxidative stress, which can trigger production of cytokines. Vernonia amygdalina has antidiabetic activity due to its phytochemical constituents. This work was designed to determine possible immunological alterations in the plasma levels of TNF-α and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the traditional application of V. amygdalina (Ewuro) leaves in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The study populations include all 33 diabetes mellitus patients (51-67 years; male, 21; female, 12) who had not commenced any form of medication or treatment and received herbal treatment in 10 herbal homes of Saki West, a local government area in Nigeria. Twenty-seven agematched volunteers who were treated on insulin medication in the hospital almost within the same period were also investigated. Patients who were positive to acid-fast bacilli sputum test, Plasmodium spp., identification, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and HIV-1 p24 assays were not included. Plasma TNF-α, IL-10, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and HIV-1 p24 were determined in the patients by ELISA while identification of acid-fast bacilli and Plasmodium spp. were carried out by Ziehl-Neelsen and Giemsa thick blood-film staining, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and glucose in diabetes mellitus patients after the administration of raw liquid extract of V. amygdalina and insulin compared to their basal samples before the commencement of the treatment (p 0.05). The work revealed a significant increase in plasma TNF-α, IL-10, and glucose in diabetes patients, which returned to normal plasma values after treatment using raw liquid extract of V. amygdalina leaves and insulin.
10.18639/RABM.2019.739740
Review Article
Feb 17, 2019
Hypopituitarism.
Traumatic brain injury often causes disability and death among adults and children. The injury may have a significant long-lasting effect to the neuroendocrine system. One of the most common effects is hypopituitarism. It can affect the quality of life and increase healthcare burden. This review is made to understand the hypopituitarism post-traumatic brain injury. The review was done by searching journal literature published in the last 10 years. Hypopituitarism can be found in the acute or chronic phase. Sometimes patients come with specific symptoms such as amenorrhea, infertility, precocious puberty, or even diabetes insipidus. A severe case of Addisonian crisis patient may end in an intensive care unit. Hypopituitarism post-traumatic brain injury will impair rehabilitation. Therefore, traumatic brain injury patient should be assessed for pituitary function examination in 6-12 months post injury to prevent further deterioration and improve the quality of life.
10.18639/RABM.2019.739577
Review Article
Jan 26, 2019
Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a single spectrum disorder. It is characterized by marked social deficit, stereotype behavior, flexibility, sensory sensitivity, and language impairment. However, ASD can also be accompanied by neuropathology and neuroendocrine dysfunction. Higher testosterone level intrauterine is assumed to increase ASD risk in early childhood. There is limited research about the correlation between ASD and neuroendocrine dysfunction.
10.18639/RABM.2018.04.735155
Original Research Article
Nov 30, 2018
Histopathological studies of the effects of chloroform and methanolic leaf extracts of Ilex kudingcha in Trypanosoma brucei infected albino wistar rats were investigated. The toxicity and phytochemical study were also carried out using standard protocol. T. brucei infected animals were administered orally with 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of the extracts and 3.5 mg/kg b.w. of the standard drug (diminazene aceturate). Results on acute toxicity studies (LD50) revealed no sign of lethality up to the dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight but the liver and kidney histology of infected animals treated with 5,000 mg/kg b.w. of I. kudingcha extracts were observed to be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. The methanol extracts showed appreciably high in vivo anti-trypanosomal activities compared to the reference drug. Histological examination of the organs revealed serious pathological lesions in the liver of the infected animals without treatment (negative control). In the positive control animals (infected animals administered standard drug), mild multifocal aggregate of inflammatory leucocytes was observed. In the other experimental animals, no pathological lesion was observed in the liver, kidney, brain, and heart of infected animals treated with the methanolic extract and combined methanol and chloroform extracts. The effectiveness of the methanolic extract at reducing the lesions caused by the parasite is the same compared with the standard drug. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts showed that methanol extract contained appreciable high levels of alkaloids, saponin, tannins, phenol, and glycoside while flavonoid was not detected. Hence, the curative properties of methanolic extract of I. kudingcha as observed in the organs indicate its anti-trypanosomal properties but it should be consumed at minimal doses.
10.18639/RABM.2018.04.735010
Agriculture and Allied Sciences
Nov 20, 2018
This article displays the status of phytoremediation innovations with specific accentuation on phytoextraction of soil, overwhelming metal sullying. The different procedures to improve phytoextraction and the use of the results have been expounded. Since part of biomass is delivered during this process, it needs appropriate transfer and administration. It likewise gives an understanding into the work done by creators, which centers around high biomass extractor plants. High biomass weeds were chosen to limit the entry of contaminants into the evolved way of life by choosing non-consumable, ailment safe and tolerant plants, which can be a sustainable power source, hence making phytoextraction more suitable for present usage.
